Na saite Astrometriya Astronomicheskie instrumenty Astronomicheskoe obrazovanie Astrofizika Istoriya astronomii Kosmonavtika, issledovanie kosmosa Lyubitel'skaya astronomiya Planety i Solnechnaya sistema Solnce

31 maya 2003 goda proizoidet solnechnoe zatmenie
22.05.2003 10:59 | S. Yu. Shanov

Luna zakryvaet Solnce! Obitateli Zemli byli i budut ochevidcami etogo udivitel'nogo nebesnogo yavleniya. Blizhaishie solnechnye zatmeniya, vidimye v Rossii, proizoidut 31 maya 2003, 14 oktyabrya 2004 i 3 oktyabrya 2005 g.g.. Nesmotrya na to, chto pervoe i tret'e zatmeniya v nekotoryh mestah Zemli budut vidny kak kol'ceobraznye, vo vseh etih sluchayah na territorii nashei strany budut proishodit' tol'ko chastnye zatmeniya Solnca. Vdobavok, vidny oni budut vezde po raznomu: 31 maya 2003 goda - na vsei territorii Rossii, krome Primorskogo kraya; 14 oktyabrya 2004 goda - v Sibiri i na Dal'nem Vostoke, a 3 oktyabrya 2005 goda - v Evropeiskoi chasti nashei strany. Vremya nachala, konca i maksimal'naya velichina zatmenii, v razlichnyh naselennyh punktah, takzhe budut razlichnymi.

Chastnoe solnechnoe zatmenie 31 maya 2003 goda nad Rossiei

Naselennyi punkt	L  o   '	F o  '	Nachalo zatmeniya	Po	Maksimum zatmeniya	Fm %	Konec zatmeniya	Po
Abakan	91 26	53 43	6:40:16	289	7:40:56	31.5	8:45:50	24
Aginskoe	114 32	51 06	7:39:03	318	8:12:58	6.1	8:47:17	0
Anadyr'	177 31	64 44	8:22:31	294	9:22:18	41.8	10:18:49	45
Arhangel'sk	40 34	64 32	6:38:50	261	7:42:12	79.9	8:49:21	60
Astrahan'	48 03	46 21	6:06:54	270	7:05:22	62.4	8:08:57	46
Barnaul	83 45	53 21	6:30:17	284	7:32:30	38.2	8:39:44	29
Belgorod	36 35	50 36	6:16:50	264	7:15:32	74.3	8:18:41	55
Berezniki	56 48	59 24	6:28:07	267	7:32:37	67.4	8:41:58	51
Biisk	85 12	52 32	6:30:44	286	7:31:55	35.6	8:38:02	27
Bratsk	101 36	56 09	6:58:43	294	7:58:48	27.2	9:01:39	23
Brest	23 43	52 06	6:25:23	260	7:22:38	82.4	8:23:32	61
Bryansk	34 23	53 15	6:21:41	262	7:20:56	77.6	8:24:26	58
Velikii Novgorod	31 16	58 32	6:31:07	260	7:31:28	82.2	8:35:41	61
Vitebsk	30 11	55 11	6:26:24	261	7:25:36	81.1	8:28:44	60
Vladikavkaz	44 41	43 02	6:03:20	271	6:59:55	61.4	8:01:22	46
Vladimir	40 25	56 09	6:24:09	263	7:25:16	75.9	8:30:50	56
Volgograd	44 31	48 44	6:11:17	267	7:10:23	67.4	8:14:24	50
Vologda	39 54	59 13	6:29:28	262	7:31:24	78.0	8:37:34	58
Vorkuta	64 03	67 30	6:45:08	267	7:52:17	68.9	9:03:10	53
Voronezh	39 12	51 40	6:17:25	264	7:16:52	73.5	8:20:54	54
Vyatka	49 39	58 36	6:26:42	265	7:29:58	71.6	8:37:56	53
Gomel'	30 59	52 26	6:22:00	262	7:20:28	78.9	8:23:00	59
Gorno-Altaisk	85 57	51 57	6:30:51	287	7:31:17	33.9	8:36:35	25
Grodno	23 50	53 40	6:27:26	260	7:25:10	83.3	8:26:33	62
Groznyi	45 42	43 18	6:03:21	271	7:00:09	60.9	8:01:53	45
Dudinka	86 11	69 24	6:57:54	274	8:07:03	59.0	9:18:54	48
Ekaterinburg	60 37	56 51	6:23:47	270	7:27:56	62.5	8:37:17	47
Ivanovo	40 58	57 00	6:25:25	263	7:26:53	76.1	8:32:46	57
Izhevsk	53 12	56 50	6:23:18	267	7:26:32	67.9	8:34:45	51
Irkutsk	104 15	52 17	7:04:26	302	7:55:37	17.0	8:48:59	12
'oshkar-Ola	47 54	56 38	6:23:23	265	7:25:48	71.5	8:33:00	53
Kazan'	49 07	55 48	6:21:46	266	7:24:06	70.0	8:31:19	52
Kaliningrad	20 30	54 42	6:30:43	259	7:28:16	85.4	8:29:15	64
Kaluga	36 17	54 32	6:22:54	262	7:22:51	77.3	8:27:08	57
Kemerovo	86 02	55 22	6:35:36	284	7:39:04	39.1	8:47:15	30
Kostroma	40 56	57 46	6:26:44	263	7:28:24	76.6	8:34:28	57
Krasnodar	38 59	45 02	6:08:07	267	7:05:00	67.7	8:06:30	50
Krasnoyarsk	92 55	56 00	6:44:51	288	7:47:30	34.1	8:54:08	27
Kudymkar	54 40	59 00	6:27:16	267	7:31:22	68.6	8:40:18	51
Kurgan	65 20	55 27	6:22:15	272	7:26:18	57.4	8:35:45	43
Kursk	36 12	51 43	6:18:38	263	7:17:40	75.4	8:21:05	56
Kyzyl	94 26	51 43	6:43:18	294	7:40:06	25.1	8:40:41	19
Lipeck	39 35	52 36	6:18:43	264	7:18:33	74.0	8:22:57	55
Magadan	150 49	59 33	8:21:45	308	9:14:18	21.4	10:04:17	27
Magnitogorsk	59 02	53 25	6:17:26	270	7:20:06	60.6	8:28:12	45
Maikop	40 06	44 36	6:07:04	268	7:03:55	66.5	8:05:24	49
Mahachkala	47 29	42 58	6:02:25	272	6:59:11	59.2	8:00:58	44
Minsk	27 34	53 54	6:25:47	261	7:24:10	81.7	8:26:24	61
Mogilev	30 20	53 54	6:24:26	261	7:23:15	80.2	8:26:05	60
Moskva	37 37	55 45	6:24:21	262	7:24:54	77.3	8:29:47	57
Murmansk	33 06	68 59	6:48:30	260	7:51:43	84.3	8:58:00	64
Naberezhnye chelny	52 25	55 43	6:21:20	267	7:24:06	67.6	8:31:53	50
Nazran'	44 47	43 13	6:03:32	270	7:00:13	61.6	8:01:47	46
Nal'chik	43 36	43 29	6:04:16	270	7:00:59	62.8	8:02:31	47
Nar'yan-Mar	53 04	67 39	6:44:01	264	7:49:48	74.9	8:59:15	57
Neryungri	124 50	56 40	7:48:42	309	8:38:05	14.8	9:26:58	15
Nizhnevartovsk	76 34	60 57	6:37:14	275	7:44:04	54.5	8:55:30	42
Nizhnii Novgorod	43 57	56 18	6:23:31	264	7:25:14	73.8	8:31:34	55
Nizhnii Tagil	60 00	57 55	6:25:40	269	7:30:06	63.9	8:39:39	48
Nikolaevsk-na-Amure	140 43	53 09	8:44:09	331	9:08:04	3.3	9:31:29	2
Novokuzneck	87 10	53 45	6:34:40	286	7:36:32	35.6	8:43:07	27
Novosibirsk	82 55	55 01	6:31:56	282	7:35:33	41.4	8:44:10	32
Noril'sk	88 11	69 21	6:59:03	275	8:08:17	58.0	9:20:05	47
Omsk	73 23	54 58	6:24:45	277	7:28:52	50.0	8:38:24	38
Orel	36 05	52 58	6:20:34	263	7:19:59	76.4	8:23:46	57
Orenburg	55 07	51 47	6:14:29	270	7:16:04	62.2	8:23:02	46
Orsk	58 34	51 12	6:13:38	271	7:15:17	58.8	8:22:27	43
Palana	159 57	59 05	8:31:32	308	9:23:25	23.0	10:12:27	30
Pevek	170 19	69 42	8:06:54	288	9:10:43	48.5	10:11:38	49
Penza	45 01	53 11	6:18:05	265	7:18:56	70.9	8:24:37	52
Perm'	56 15	58 00	6:25:28	267	7:29:29	66.7	8:38:28	50
Petrozavodsk	34 21	61 47	6:35:25	260	7:37:09	82.0	8:42:40	61
Petropavlovsk- Kamchatskii	158 39	53 01	8:59:33	326	9:32:16	8.1	10:03:40	14
Pskov	28 20	57 49	6:31:12	260	7:30:53	83.4	8:34:19	62
Rostov-na-Donu	39 43	47 15	6:10:48	266	7:08:41	69.4	8:11:14	51
Ryazyan'	39 42	54 37	6:21:52	263	7:22:23	75.3	8:27:24	56
Salehard	66 36	66 32	6:43:50	268	7:51:08	66.7	9:02:19	52
Samara	50 13	53 13	6:17:13	267	7:18:48	67.2	8:25:28	50
Sankt-Peterburg	30 20	59 55	6:33:41	260	7:34:17	83.3	8:38:36	62
Saransk	45 11	54 11	6:19:42	265	7:20:54	71.5	8:26:55	53
Saratov	45 59	51 31	6:15:11	266	7:15:33	68.8	8:20:53	51
Serov	60 36	59 35	6:28:53	269	7:33:56	64.9	8:43:53	49
Smolensk	32 03	54 47	6:24:59	261	7:24:21	79.9	8:27:47	59
Stavropol'	41 59	45 03	6:06:55	268	7:04:10	65.6	8:06:11	49
Surgut	73 25	61 15	6:36:07	273	7:42:53	57.2	8:54:17	44
Syktyvkar	50 49	61 40	6:32:19	265	7:36:35	72.9	8:45:17	55
Tambov	41 26	52 43	6:18:18	264	7:18:27	72.9	8:23:17	54
Tver'	35 54	56 51	6:26:43	262	7:27:19	79.0	8:32:07	59
Tiksi	128 51	71 38	7:33:54	284	8:42:18	48.9	9:49:48	45
Tol'yatti	49 24	53 32	6:17:52	267	7:19:26	68.1	8:26:04	50
Tomsk	85 00	56 30	6:36:12	282	7:40:38	41.8	8:49:47	33
Tula	37 35	54 12	6:21:54	263	7:21:58	76.4	8:26:25	57
Tura	100 14	64 17	7:02:41	283	8:10:26	43.6	9:20:29	37
Tyumen'	65 33	57 09	6:25:25	272	7:30:09	58.9	8:40:08	44
Ulan-Ude	107 38	51 49	7:13:58	307	8:00:36	13.1	8:48:45	8
Ul'yanovsk	48 20	54 18	6:19:18	266	7:21:01	69.4	8:27:40	51
Ust'-Ilimsk	102 45	57 58	7:01:28	292	8:03:34	30.0	9:08:11	26
Ust'-Ordynskii	104 45	52 48	7:05:23	302	7:57:25	17.7	8:51:37	13
Ufa	56 00	54 45	6:19:35	269	7:22:27	64.2	8:30:33	48
Uhta	53 44	63 33	6:35:55	265	7:41:03	72.2	8:50:27	55
Uelen	-169 48	66 09	8:21:27	289	9:21:45	49.8	10:18:56	51
Hanty-Mansiisk	69 01	61 00	6:33:47	271	7:40:08	60.1	8:51:14	46
Cheboksary	47 16	56 08	6:22:37	265	7:24:46	71.5	8:31:43	53
Chelyabinsk	61 25	55 10	6:20:51	271	7:24:27	60.3	8:33:25	45
Cherkessk	42 03	44 14	6:05:49	269	7:02:43	64.7	8:04:22	48
Chita	113 22	52 03	7:31:13	313	8:11:55	9.2	8:53:19	5
Elista	44 16	46 19	6:07:52	268	7:05:56	65.3	8:08:54	48
Yakutsk	129 44	62 02	7:45:27	299	8:45:51	27.0	9:45:00	29
Yaroslavl'	39 53	57 37	6:26:45	262	7:28:13	77.1	8:34:02	57

 

Prinyatye oboznacheniya:
L i F - geograficheskaya dolgota i shirota naselennogo punkta
Fm - naibol'shaya velichina zatmeniya (v procentah)
P^o - pozicionnye ugly kontaktov solnechnogo i lunnogo diskov v nachale i v konce chastnogo zatmeniya; otschityvayutsya ot severnoi tochki solnechnogo diska protiv vrasheniya chasovoi strelki
Momenty nachala, maksimuma i konca zatmeniya sootvetstvuyut moskovskomu letnemu vremeni.

Kak rasschitat' moment solnechnogo zatmeniya dlya proizvol'nogo punkta?

Esli neobhodimo rasschitat' obstoyatel'stva vidimosti zatmeniya v kakom-libo proizvol'nom naselennom punkte s geograficheskimi koordinatami L i F, dlya nachala vyberite iz tablicy tri naselennyh punkta, raspolozhennye kak mozhno blizhe k proizvol'nomu punktu. Samyi blizhnii iz etih treh punktov oboznachim kak pervyi i opredelim dlya nego differencial'nye popravki A i V. Dlya nachala naidem raznosti geograficheskih dolgot, shirot (v gradusah i dolyah gradusa) i raznosti momentov zatmeniya (v sekundah vremeni) mezhdu vtorym i pervym, i tret'im i pervym punktami:

DL2 = L2 - L1       DF2 = F2 - F1       DT2 = T2 - T1
DL3 = L3 - L1       DF3 = F3 - F1       DT3 = T3 - T1

Moment zatmeniya v proizvol'nom punkte opredelyaetsya po formule, v kotoroi vtoroe i tret'e slagaemye predstavlyayut soboi popravku vyrazhennuyu v sekundah vremeni:

T = T1 + A(L-L1) + B(F-F1)

Kak nablyudat' Solnce?

Kazhdyi raz, kogda proishodit solnechnoe zatmenie ili prohozhdenie planety po disku Solnca milliony lyudei ustremlyayut svoi vzory na dnevnoe svetilo. I kazhdyi raz, nesmotrya na mnogochislennye preduprezhdeniya, chto smotrya na Solnce mozhno oslepnut', nahodyatsya neschastnye zaglyadyvayushie v okulyary zritel'nyh trub i prevrashayushie svoi glaza v varenyi belok! :-(

Esli Vy planiruete nablyudat' solnechnoe zatmenie v binokl', podzornuyu trubu ili teleskop, neobhodimo sproecirovat' izobrazhenie Solnca na belyi list bumagi ili, naprimer,na maiku togo zhe cveta, kak eto sdelal lyubitel' astronomii Ul'yanovska Dmitrii Borodin 11 avgusta 1999 goda.

Navodit' teleskop na Solnce sleduet po teni, kotoruyu teleskop otbrasyvaet na zemlyu. Povorachivaya teleskop, dobivaites' chtoby ten' stala krugloi. Kogda truba teleskopa ustanovitsya parallel'no solnechnym lucham, izobrazhenie Solnca poyavitsya v pole zreniya. Posle etogo, glyadya na sproecirovannoe izobrazhenie Solnca, otreguliruite rezkost' i zashitite izobrazhenie ot rasseyannogo solnechnogo sveta.

Esli Vy planiruete nablyudeniya nevooruzhennym glazom, zaranee pripasite steklo ot maski svarshika, gusto zakopchennoe steklo ili zasvechennuyu i zatem proyavlennuyu fotoplenku. Takzhe okazyvaetsya, chto v kachestve fil'tra mozhno primenit'... disketu, tochnee plenku magnitnogo diska, izvlechennogo iz korpusa-oblozhki.

Popytaites' poimat' momenty nachala i konca zatmeniya

Pri nablyudeniyah solnechnogo zatmeniya vsegda interesno otmetit' momenty nachala i konca zatmeniya. Vvidu razlichnyh geograficheskih koordinat, dazhe v predelah odnogo goroda, razlichiya mezhdu raschetnymi i nablyudaemymi momentami mogut sostavlyat' desyatki sekund! Odnako, pri strogih vychisleniyah, s ispol'zovaniem tochnyh geograficheskih koordinat tochki nablyudeniya, takoe razlichie bylo by strannym obstoyatel'stvom.

Tochnost', s kotoroi Vy opredelite vremya kontakta, zavisit ne tol'ko ot bystroty reakcii nablyudatelya i otregulirovannogo mehanizma, no i ot celenapravlennogo nablyudeniya toi tochki solnechnogo diska, gde dolzhno proizoiti soprikosnovenie s Lunoi. Obratite vnimanie, chto pozicionnye ugly kontaktov solnechnogo i lunnogo diskov (P) otschityvayutsya ot severnogo polyusa mira. V ryade sluchaev vygodno znat' ugol kontakta, kotoryi otschityvaetsya ot verhnego kraya diska Solnca. Etot ugol mozhno opredelit' po formule:

     

gde F - shirota mesta nablyudeniya, t i d - chasovoi ugol i sklonenie Solnca.

Krome togo, sleduet pomnit', chto pri nablyudenii v teleskop izobrazhenie Solnca mozhet byt' perevernutym, a pri nablyudenii na solnechnom ekrane - zerkal'nym. Pozabudete ob etom, i zatmenie nachnetsya ne tam, gde Vy ozhidali.

Chto mozhno uvidet' na Solnce?

Vo vremya chastnogo solnechnogo zatmeniya dazhe nevooruzhennym glazom netrudno zametit', chto usherb na Solnce vyglyadit bolee rezkim i kontrastnym, nezheli kraya samogo Solnca. Prichina etogo yavleniya sostoit v tom, chto Luna prakticheski lishena atmosfery, a nad yarkoi vidimoi poverhnost'yu Solnca - fotosferoi, prostirayutsya vneshnie, menee yarkie i potomu nevidimye pri obychnyh usloviyah sloi - hromosfera i korona, v kakoi-to mere oni oslablyayut potok izlucheniya idushii ot fotosfery i osobenno ot kraev diska Solnca.

Esli Vy nablyudaete solnechnoe zatmenie v teleskop, obratite vnimanie na nerovnosti lunnogo kraya (vse eto lunnye gory i kratery). Sluchaetsya, chto Luna "napolzaet" na solnechnye pyatna i fakely. Pri etom, ona pokryvaet ih ne sovsem obychno. Kak tol'ko Luna priblizhaetsya vplotnuyu k kakomu-libo pyatnu, mezhdu pyatnom i Lunoi voznikaet podobie mostika.

Chto proishodit vokrug nas?

Okazyvaetsya, chto do izobreteniya teleskopa lyudi nablyudali Solnce i solnechnye zatmeniya, v chastnosti, kak budto by s teleskopom! Rech' idet ob hitroumnom prisposoblenii izvestnom kak kamera obskura. V klassicheskom variante kamera obskura predstavlyaet soboi temnoe pomeshenie v kotoroe skvoz' sravnitel'no uzkoe otverstie pronikaet pryamoi solnechnyi svet. Esli takoi solnechnyi luchik padaet, k primeru, na stenu, to my uvidim tam izobrazhenie Solnca! Prichem, ono budet tem krupnee, chem bol'she rasstoyanie mezhdu otverstiem i stenoi.

V estestvennyh usloviyah kameroi obskura mozhet okazat'sya listva derev'ev. Fotografiya s mnogochislennymi izobrazheniyami chastnogo zatmeniya Solnca, kotorye pytaetsya pokazat' Ivan Purtov, byla poluchena lyubitelyami astronomii Ul'yanovska 11 avgusta 1999 goda. Po opytu nablyudenii etogo zatmeniya mozhno dobavit', chto dazhe prodelav nebol'shoe otvetstie v kartone i propustiv skvoz' nego solnechnyi svet na list bumagi, mozhno poluchit' izobrazhenie Solnca. Ono poluchitsya nebol'shim, zato ne nuzhno nikakogo pomesheniya!

Kogda Luna zakryvaet Solnce na polovinu i bolee, stanovitsya zametnym oslablenie dnevnogo sveta. Osveshenie zatmivshegosya Solnca pohozhe na osveshenie fonarya - tochechnogo istochnika sveta, i teni, otbrasyvaemye predmetami, stanovyatsya bolee rezkimi i kontrastnymi. Sushestvennaya raznica vidna po dvum fotografiyam teni Dmitriya Borodina. Pervyi snimok byl sdelan v maksimume zatmeniya 11 avgusta 1999 goda (velichina zatmeniya 61 procent), vtoroi - srazu posle zatmeniya.

Chitaite takzhe: Polnye solnechnye zatmeniya nad Rossiei

Publikacii s klyuchevymi slovami: Solnechnoe zatmenie - kamera-obskura - nablyudeniya Solnca Publikacii so slovami: Solnechnoe zatmenie - kamera-obskura - nablyudeniya Solnca
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